The scientific development of badminton shuttlecocks Review paper

Main Article Content

Terence Woo
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0186-9501
Firoz Alam
Alex Kootsookos

Abstract

This paper reviews published works of the field of badminton research within the past 50 years, focusing primarily on the design and flight dynamics of shuttlecocks to identify any knowledge gap. With regards to shuttlecock research, various methodologies involving empirical and theoretical studies including: wind tunnel testing, simulation, shuttlecock design and prototyping, have been presented. To improve the readability, studies are discussed collectively based on the nature of the investigation according to whether empirical and/or combinations of theoretical approaches have been implemented. Upon reviewing the current body of literature, it is believed that there is a lack of emphasis in correlating the structural and aerodynamics aspects of the badminton shuttlecock. Further investigation into the structural mechanics of the bird feathers used for natural feather shuttlecocks may serve as an inspiration in the development of subsequent synthetic shuttlecock designs.

Article Details

How to Cite
Woo, T., Alam, F., & Kootsookos, A. (2024). The scientific development of badminton shuttlecocks: Review paper. Sustainability and Sports Science Journal, 2(3), 149–165. https://doi.org/10.55860/ZQQE3823
Section
Review paper
Author Biographies

Terence Woo, RMIT University

School of Engineering (Aerospace, Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering).

Firoz Alam, RMIT University

School of Engineering (Aerospace, Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering).

Alex Kootsookos, RMIT University

School of Engineering (Aerospace, Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering).

References

Alam F, Chowdhury H, Theppadungporn C, Subic A, Masud M, & Khan K (2009) Aerodynamic properties of badminton shuttlecock. International Journal of Mechanical and Material Engineering, 4(3): 266 - 272.

Alam F, Chowdhury H, Moria H, Brooy RL, & Subic A (2010) A comparative study of golf ball aerodynamics. In 17th Australian Fluid Mechanics Conference, Auckland, New Zealand 5 - 9 December 2010.

Alam F, Nutakom C, & Chowdhury H (2015) Effect of Porosity of Badminton Shuttlecock on Aerodynamic Drag. Procedia Engineering, 112, 430-435. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2015.07.220

Badminton World Federation (2018) Laws of badminton: BWF Statutes, Section 4.1.2: Shuttle.

Badminton Oceania Confederation. (n.d.). Shuttle speeds [Shuttlecock speed conversion chart].

Basu, T. (16 Aug 2016). "Shuttlecocks can only be made of the left wings of geese" [online article]. Inverse. Retrieved from [Accessed 2024, June 12]: https://www.inverse.com/article/19768-2016-rio-olympics-goose-geese-left-wing-badminton-shuttlecock

Bluejeff. (2004, October 16). Storing shuttlecock [Online forum comment]. Retrieved from [Accessed 2024, June 12]: https://www.badmintoncentral.com/forums/index.php?threads/storing-shuttlecock.18963/#post-188123

Carlol. (2004, July 13). New resources for visual cognition [Online forum comment]. Retrieved from [Accessed 2024, June 12]: http://www.badmintoncentral.com/forums/index.php?threads/avian-flu-affecting-shuttle-prices.15801/page-2

China Network Television (CNTV). (2011, April 9). "Badminton from a different perspective" [Documentary]. Retrieved from [Accessed 2024, June 12]: http://sports.cntv.cn/20110421/104877.shtml

Cohen C, Texier BD, Dupeux G, Brunel E, Quéré D, & Clanet C (2013) The aerodynamic wall. Proceedings of the Royal Society A, 470(2161): 1 - 20. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2013.0497

Cohen C, Texier BD, Quèrè D, & Clanet C (2015) The physics of badminton. New Journal of Physics, 17, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/17/6/063001

Commins, D. (2016). The best plastic synthetic shuttle: A review of the Bird2 [Video file]. Retrieved from [Accessed 2024, June 12]: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0GebY4Bp2wo

Cooke AJ (1992) The Aerodynamics and Mechanics of Shuttlecocks [Dissertation]. Cambridge University.

Cooke AJ (1996) Shuttlecock Design and Development, Sports Engineering - Design and development (Haake, S.J. ed.), In Proceedings 1st International Conference on The Engineering of Sport. Blackwell Science, Oxford.

Cooke AJ (1999) Shuttlecock Aerodynamics, Sports Engineering Journal (Haake, S.J. ed.), 2(2): 85-96. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1460-2687.1999.00023.x

Cooke AJ (2002) Computer Simulation of Shuttlecock Trajectories, Sports Engineering Journal (Haake, S.J. ed.), 5(2), pub. Blackwell Science, Oxford. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1460-2687.2002.00100.x

Cooke AJ (2017) Research to Retail: A Striking Difference [Online Media, last updated 2017]. Retrieved from [Accessed 2024, June 12]: http://www.cookeassociates.com/publications/research.php

Daily Mail Reporter. (2013). Could bird flu kill off BADMINTON? Daily Mail Australia. Retrieved from [Accessed 2024, June 12]: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-2314564/Will-bird-flu-kill-badminton-Indonesia-bans-importation-shuttlecocks-China-avian-virus.html

Dvorák, R. (2016). Aerodynamics of bird flight. EPJ Web of Conference, 114, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201611401001

Dynamic Badminton. (Jul 7, 2017). Victor Carbonsonic No.2 (REVIEW) [Product Review Video]. Retrieved from [Accessed 2024, June 12]: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=haPLwxeYqlg

Efstathios, K., & Bouris, D. (2012). Bluff Body Aerodynamics and Wake Control. In Applied Aerodynamics (pp. 63-78). Rijeka, Croatia: IntechOpen [Digital book chapter]. Retrieved from [Accessed 2024, June 12]: http://www.intechopen.com/books/applied-aerodynamics/bluff-body-aerodynamics-and-wake-control

Goff, J.E. (2013). A review of recent research into aerodynamics of sport projectiles. Sports Engineering, 16(3): 137-154. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12283-013-0117-z

Hanson, H., & Harland, A. (2012). The 16th century football: 450 year old sports technology assessed by modern standards. Procedia Engineering, 34: 373-378. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2012.04.064

Hart, J. (2014). Simulation and understanding of the aerodynamic characteristics of a badminton shuttle. Procedia Engineering, 72, 768-773. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2014.06.130

Hart JH, Potts JR, & James DJ (2018) Comparison of turbulence modelling approaches in simulation of a feather shuttle: A porous conical bluff body. Sports Engineering, 21:465-478. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12283-018-0293-y

Higuchi, H. (2005). Passive and active controls of three-dimensional wake of bluff-body. JSME International Journal Series B Fluids and Thermal Engineering, 48(2): 322-327. https://doi.org/10.1299/jsmeb.48.322

Kitta S, Hasegawa H, Murakami M, & Obayashi S (2011) Aerodynamic properties of a shuttlecock with spin at high Reynolds number. Procedia Engineering, 13, 271-277. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2011.05.084

Konishi Y, Matsushima Y, Misaka T, Okuizumi H, Tanaka K, & Obayashi S (2018) Effect of camber on badminton shuttlecock. Proceedings, 2(6):266. https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2060266

Lee, D.K., Lee, J.S., Han, J.H., & Kawamura, Y. (2013). Dynamic calibration of magnetic suspension and balance system for sting-free measurement in wind tunnel tests. Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology, 27(7): 1963-1970. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12206-013-0513-0

Liew V. (Jan 16, 2017). "Mads Pieler Kolding unleashes 426 km/h smash". Retrieved from [Accessed 2024, June 12]: http://www.badmintonplanet.com/badminton-news/4785-mads-pieler-kolding-unleashes-426-km-h-smash-4-videos.html

Lin CSH, Chua CK., & Yeo JH. (2013a). Design of high-performance badminton shuttlecocks: virtual and rapid prototyping approach. Virtual and Physical Prototyping, 8(2):165-171. https://doi.org/10.1080/17452759.2013.812738

Lin CSH, Chua CK., & Yeo JH. (2013b). Turnover stability of shuttlecocks-transient angular response and impact deformation of feather and synthetic shuttlecocks. Procedia Engineering, 60, 106-111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2013.07.024

Mehta R.D. (2008) Sports Ball Aerodynamics. In: Nørstrud H. (eds) Sport Aerodynamics. CISM International Centre for Mechanical Sciences, vol 506. Springer, Vienna. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-211-89297-8_12

Miyazaki, T., Mukaiyama, K., Komori, Y., Okawa, K., Taguchi, S., & Sugiura, H. (2012). Aerodynamic properties of an archery arrow. Sports Engineering, 16(1): 43-54. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12283-012-0102-y

Morgan JE (1996) The design and development of a shuttlecock hitting machine for training badminton players at all levels of the game. In The Engineering of Sport (Vol. 3, pp. 103-111). CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003078098-17

Nakagawa K, Hasegawa H, Murakami M, & Obayashi S (2012) Aerodynamic properties and flow behavior for a badminton shuttlecock with spin at high Reynolds numbers. Procedia Engineering, 34, 104-109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2012.04.019

Nathan, A., & Baldwin, D. (2007). An analysis of the gyroball. Baseball Research Journal, 36, 77-80.

National Public Radio. (2008). Baseball: From child's play to America's pastime [Website]. Retrieved from [Accessed 2024, June 12]: https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=88752540

Peastrel M, Lynch R, & Armenti A (1980) Terminal velocity of a shuttlecock in vertical fall. American Journal of Physics, 48(7): 511-513. https://doi.org/10.1119/1.12373

Petchesky, B. (2013). Unspinning the mythical gyroball, the demon miracle pitch that wasn't. Deadspin [Sport Media]. Retrieved from [Accessed 2024, June 12]: https://deadspin.com/unspinning-the-mythical-gyroball-the-demon-miracle-pit-1451016294

Phomsoupha M, & Laffaye G (2015) The science of badminton: game characteristics, anthropometry, physiology, visual fitness and biomechanics. Sports Medicine, 45(4): 473-495. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-014-0287-2

Post SL, McLachlan J, Lonas T, Dancs J, Knobloch D, Darrow C, Sinn E, Davis S, Neilly D, Funk A, Golz J, Phelps A, & Goers B (2009) Aerodynamics of a badminton shuttlecock. [IMECE2009-10266]. Proceedings of the ASME 2009 International Mechanical Engineering Congress & Exposition, Florida, USA. https://doi.org/10.1115/IMECE2009-10266

Roshko, A. (1960). Experiments on the flow past a circular cylinder at very high Reynolds number [ID code: 10105]. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 10 (3). pp. 345-356. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022112061000950

Schoberl H (1958) U.S. Patent No. US2830817. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.

SciFri. (2014 Dec 26). Birdie in flight: The science of badminton [Documentary]. Retrieved from [Accessed 2024, June 12]: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y4B1SoFKnBo

Shishido H, Kitahara I, Kameda Y, & Ohta Y. (2014). A trajectory estimation method for badminton shuttlecock utilizing motion blur. In Image and Video Technology (pp. 325-336). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-53842-1_28

Shishido H, Kitahara I, Kameda Y, & Ohta Y (2015) Trajectory Estimation of a Fast and Anomalously Moving Badminton Shuttle. In Joint Conference of IWAIT and IFMIA. Retrieved from [Accessed 2024, June 12]: http://www.kameda-lab.org/research/publication/2015/201501_IWAIT/201501_IWAIT_ShishidoH.pdf

Shishido H, Kameda Y, Kitahara I, & Ohta Y (2016) 3D position estimation of badminton shuttle using unsynchronized multiple-view videos. In Proceedings of the 7th Augmented Human International Conference 2016, 47-48. ACM. https://doi.org/10.1145/2875194.2875235

Subramaniyan R (2008) Effect of local conditions on the flight trajectory of an indoor badminton shuttlecock [Dissertation].

Swift Badminton School. (Sep 28, 2018). Half feather, half plastic HYBRID shuttle?! Kawasaki King Kong 500 Review. Retrieved from [Accessed 2024, June 12]: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9f61ubO7VD0

Taneepak. (2005, Jul 27). Question about the Shuttlecocks [Online forum comment]. Retrieved from [Accessed 2024, June 12]: https://www.badmintoncentral.com/forums/index.php?threads/question-about-the-shuttlecocks.25466/

Takagi, Y., Sawada, H., & Obayashi, S. (2016). Development of magnetic suspension and balance system for intermittent supersonic wind tunnels. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Journal, 54(4): 1277-1286. https://doi.org/10.2514/1.J054411

Texier BD, Cohen C, Quéré D, & Clanet C (2016) Physics of knuckleballs. New Journal of Physics, 18(7): 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/18/7/073027

Tong GF (2004) Mechanics analysis of a shuttlecock terminal velocity [Master's Thesis]. National Kaohsiung Normal University.

Ucantseeme. (2015, Apr 8). Shuttlecock price increased again?? (Penang Malaysia) [Online forum comment]. Retrieved from [Accessed 2024, June 12]: http://www.badmintoncentral.com/forums/index.php?threads/shuttlecock-price-increased-again-penang-malaysia.152684/

White C (2010) Chapter 15: Some assorted sporting projectiles. In Projectile dynamics in sport: Principles and applications (pp. 281-307). Abingdon, Oxon, England: Routledge. Retrieved from [Accessed 2024, June 12]: https://tinyurl.com/White-2010

Willis G (1996) U.S. Patent No. WO1996031260A2. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.

Willis G (2014a) Bird2 shuttlecock updates: The right-handed shuttlecock. Retrieved from [Accessed 2024, June 12]: http://goode-sport.co.uk/buy/ashaway-bird-2-shuttlecock/

Willis G (2014b) Buy Bird Shuttlecocks [Sales page]. Retrieved from [Accessed 2024, June 12]: http://www.birdsports.net/buy.html

Woo TMT, Alam F (2017) Comparative aerodynamics of synthetic badminton shuttlecocks. Sports Engineering, 21(1):21-29. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12283-017-0241-2

XH Badminton. (Jul 7, 2017). Carbonsonic Shuttlecock unbox and review [Product Review Video]. Retrieved from [Accessed 2024, June 12]: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lrdL4HXJexo

Yonex (2012) Shuttlecock facts: "The flight trajectory naturally veers to the right.". In Yonex Shuttle News (published 29 June, 2012). Retrieved from [Accessed 2024, June 12]: https://www.yonex.hu/shuttle_news/knowledge/index.html

Yonex (2019) Mavis 350: Playing condition [Product Information]. Retrieved from [Accessed 2024, June 12]: https://www.yonex.com/m-350

Yoshikawa F, Kobayashi T, Watanabe K, & Otsu N. (2010) Automated service scene detection for badminton game analysis using CHLAC and MRA. International Journal of Computer, Electrical, Automation, Control and Information Engineering, 4(2): 331 - 334.

Yue H, Cai K, Dong C, Cao L, & Zeng Z (2016) Development and Production of multi-parameter measurement device for feather pieces. DYNA Ingeniería e Industria, 91(4). 413-422. https://doi.org/10.6036/8007

Zhu Q (2013) Expertise of using striking techniques for power stroke in badminton. Perceptual and Motor Skills: Learning and Memory, 117(2): 427 - 441. https://doi.org/10.2466/23.25.PMS.117x24z2