Influence of the vegan diet on sports performance Review article

Main Article Content

Patrícia Filipa Saraiva de Sousa
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1287-4947

Abstract

Being healthy is a prerequisite for becoming a successful athlete. Most scientific evidence strongly associates a well-planned Vegan diet with health, successful body weight control, a preventive measure and, in some cases, the end and reversal of some of the most common noncommunicable chronic diseases. However, despite the solid health benefits of these diets, Vegan athletes are often confronted with prejudices for unfounded doubts and motives. Through the analysis of existing literature, the objectives of the present study were to explore the various advantages and risks of the Vegan diet for the health of sportsmen and women, whether in the context of competition or not and analyse the influence of this type of diet on the sports performance of athletes, when compared to omnivorous athletes. As can be seen, the literature on this topic is quite scarce and, apparently, performance is not boosted depending on the type of diet adopted. With this knowledge intended to demonstrate that vegan diets are compatible with sports performance, thus being able to encourage athletes and their families, coaches and health and sports experts to have a more open mind when an athlete expresses their desire to adopt a Vegan diet.

Article Details

How to Cite
Saraiva de Sousa, P. F. (2023). Influence of the vegan diet on sports performance: Review article. Sustainability and Sports Science Journal, 2(1), 45–57. https://doi.org/10.61486/LISW1172
Section
Review paper

References

Agnoli C, Baroni L, Bertini I, Ciappellano S, Fabbri A, Papa M, et al. Position paper on vegetarian diets from the working group of the Italian Society of Human Nutrition. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2017;27(12):1037-52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.numecd.2017.10.020

Anand P, Kunnumakara AB, Sundaram C, Harikumar KB, Tharakan ST, Lai OS, et al. Cancer is a Preventable Disease that Requires Major Lifestyle Changes. Pharm Res. 2008;25(9):2097-116. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11095-008-9661-9

Associação Vegetariana Portuguesa, 2021. A História do Veganismo à volta do Mundo (avp.org.pt)

Barnard ND, Goldman DM, Loomis JF, Kahleova H, Levin SM, Neabore S, et al. Plant-Based Diets for Cardiovascular Safety and Performance in Endurance Sports. Nutrients. 2019;11(1). https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11010130

Dahlinghaus M, Berberet D, Rehfeld J. Effects of a short-term vegan diet on fitness and body composition. Journal of International Society and Sports Nutrition: Proceedings of the Fifteenth International Society of Sports Nutrition. 2018;15:1-18. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-018-0256-5

Ferreira GA, Bertuzzi R, De-Oliveira FR, Pires FO, Lima-Silva AE. High-CHO diet increases post-exercise oxygen consumption after a supramaximal exercise bout. Braz J Med Biol Res. 2016;49(11):e5656. https://doi.org/10.1590/1414-431x20165656

Ferreira LG, Burini RC, Maia AF. Dietas vegetarianas e desempenho esportivo. Rev Nutr. 2006;19(4):469-77. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1415-52732006000400006

Fuhrman J, Ferreri D. Fueling the Vegetarian (Vegan) Athlete. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2010;9:233-41. https://doi.org/10.1249/JSR.0b013e3181e93a6f

Gilsing AMJ, Crowe FL, Lloyd-Wright Z, Sanders T a. B, Appleby PN, Allen NE, et al. Serum concentrations of vitamin B12 and folate in British male omnivores, vegetarians and vegans: results from a cross-sectional analysis of the EPIC-Oxford cohort study. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2010;64(9):933-9. https://doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2010.142

Goios A, Pereira R, Gonçalves M, Espregueira-Mendes J. O Atleta Vegetariano: Considerações Nutricionais. Rev Med Desportiva Inf. 2020;11:28-30. https://doi.org/10.23911/clinica_dragao_2020_3

Hawley JA, Leckey JJ. Carbohydrate Dependence During Prolonged, Intense Endurance Exercise. Sports Med. 2015;45(1):5-12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-015-0400-1

Jakše B, Jakše B. Is vegan diet appropriate for competitive artistic gymnasts? Sci Gymnast J. 2018;10(2):153-78.

Kahleova H, Levin S, Barnard N. Cardio-Metabolic Benefits of Plant-Based Diets. Nutrients. 2017;9(8). https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9080848

Larson-Meyer D. Vegetarian and vegan diets for athletic training and performance. 2018;29(188):1-7.

Lewis, P.B.; Ruby, D.; Bush-Joseph, C.A. Muscle soreness and delayed-onset muscle soreness. Clin. Sports Med. 2012, 31, 255-262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csm.2011.09.009

Lynch H, Johnston C, Wharton C. Plant-Based Diets: Considerations for Environmental Impact, Protein Quality, and Exercise Performance. Nutrients. 2018;10(12). https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10121841

Maziarz B, Chojęta D, Zygmunt E, Wróblewski H, Zimna A. Influence of vegan diet on physical performance of athletes. J Educ Health Sport. 2020;10(7):209-15. https://doi.org/10.12775/JEHS.2020.10.07.023

Melina V, Craig W, Levin S. Position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics: Vegetarian Diets. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2016;116(12):1970-80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jand.2016.09.025

Ministry of Health, annual report 2009. Annual Report 2009.pdf (health.gov.fj)

Morton RW, Murphy KT, McKellar SR, Schoenfeld BJ, Henselmans M, Helms E, et al. A systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression of the effect of protein supplementation on resistance training-induced gains in muscle mass and strength in healthy adults. Br J Sports Med. 2018;52(6):376-84. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2017-097608

Mota MP, dos Santos ZA, Soares JFP, de Fátima Pereira A, João PV, O'Neil Gaivão I, et al. Intervention with a combined physical exercise training to reduce oxidative stress of women over 40 years of age. Exp Gerontol. 2019;123:1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exger.2019.05.002

Nebl J, Haufe S, Eigendorf J, Wasserfurth P, Tegtbur U, Hahn A. Exercise capacity of vegan, lacto-ovo-vegetarian and omnivorous recreational runners. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2019;16(1):23. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-019-0289-4

Nieman DC. Physical fitness and vegetarian diets: is there a relation? Am J Clin Nutr. 1999;70(3 Suppl):570S-575S. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/70.3.570s

Obersby D, Chappell DC, Dunnett A, Tsiami AA. Plasma total homocysteine status of vegetarians compared with omnivores: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Nutr. 14 de Março de 2013;109(5):785-94. https://doi.org/10.1017/S000711451200520X

Pingitore A, Lima GPP, Mastorci F, Quinones A, Iervasi G, Vassalle C. Exercise and oxidative stress: potential effects of antioxidant dietary strategies in sports. Nutrition. 2015;31(7-8):916-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2015.02.005

Rizzo NS, Sabaté J, Jaceldo-Siegl K, Fraser GE. Vegetarian Dietary Patterns Are Associated With a Lower Risk of Metabolic Syndrome: The Adventist Health Study 2. Diabetes Care. 2011;34(5):1225-7. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc10-1221

Rodriguez NR, DiMarco NM, Langley S, American Dietetic Association, Dietitians of Canada, American College of Sports Medicine: Nutrition and Athletic Performance. Position of the American Dietetic Association, Dietitians of Canada, and the American College of Sports Medicine: Nutrition and athletic performance. J Am Diet Assoc. 2009;109(3):509-27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jada.2009.01.005

Rogerson D. Vegan diets: practical advice for athletes and exercisers. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2017;14(1):1-15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-017-0192-9

Sies H. Oxidative Stress. London: Academic Press; 1985.

Souza A. Comparação do Desempenho Físico e da Recuperação Muscular entre Vegetarianos e Omnívoros [Tese de Mestrado]. [São Cristóvão]: Universidade Federal de Sergipe; 2019.

Sureda A, Tauler P, Aguiló A, Cases N, Llompart I, Tur JA, et al. Influence of an antioxidant vitamin-enriched drink on pre- and post-exercise lymphocyte antioxidant system. Ann Nutr Metab. 2008;52(3):233-40. https://doi.org/10.1159/000140515

Valko M, Leibfritz D, Moncol J, Cronin MTD, Mazur M, Telser J. Free radicals and antioxidants in normal physiological functions and human disease. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2007;39(1):44-84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocel.2006.07.001

Vilardi TCC, Ribeiro BG, Soares A. Distúrbios nutricionais em atletas femininas e suas inter-relações. Rev Nutr. 2001;14(1):61-9. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1415-52732001000100009

Weikert C, Trefflich I, Menzel J, Obeid R, Longree A, Dierkes J, et al. Vitamin and Mineral Status in a Vegan Diet. Dtsch Arzteblatt Int. 2020;117(35-36):575-82. https://doi.org/10.3238/arztebl.2020.0575

Willett WC. Balancing Lifestyle and Genomics Research for Disease Prevention. Science. 2002;296(5568):695-8. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1071055

Wirnitzer Katharina. Vegan Diet in Sports and Exercise - Health Benefits and Advantages to Athletes and Physically Active People: A Narrative Review. Int J Sports Exerc Med. 2020;6(3):1-32. https://doi.org/10.23937/2469-5718/1510165

Woodbridge P, Konstantaki M, Horgan G. Nutritional Deficiencies in Vegan Runners: A Comparison of Actual Versus Recommended Nutritional Intake and Dietary Recommendations. J Exerc Nutr. 2020;3(3):10.